Table 2 Statins modulatory effect on CCL2/CCR2 axis in cardiac diseases

Cardiac remodeling and ischemic conditions

Simvastatin

In vivo

Cardiopulmonary bypass

↓

↓NF-κB, TNF, IL-6,

[176]

Atorvastatin

In vivo

LAD ligation

↓

↓TNF, IL-6, macrophage recruitment

↑LV function

[72]

Pravastatin

In vivo

L-NAME induced coronary vascular inflammation

↓

↓Inflammation, proliferation

[177]

Pitavastatin(nanoparticles)

In vivo

Ischemic-reperfusion injury

↓

↓ NF-κB, infarct size, post-MI cardiac remodeling

[178]

Simvastatin

In vivo

Cardiac isograft ischemia-reperfusion injury

↓

↓Infarct size, macrophages, CCR2

[73]

Simvastatin

In vivo

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV)

↓

↓ RANTES, ↓CCR2, CCR5, macrophage infiltration

↓ CAV

[179]

Simvastatin

Clinical trial

CAD remained hypercholesterolemic during step 2 of diet therapy

↓

↓MMP-9

Tendency to reduce PAI-1, TNF

[41]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

ACS patients

↓

-

[77]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

Stable angina

↓

↓TLR-2 on peripheral monocytes

↓MMP-9, IL-6, CK-MB, cardiac troponin 1

[180]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

Coronary heart disease

→

↓VEGF, CRP

↑EPC

[80]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

Unstable angina

-

↓TLR-2, TLR-4, CCR2(high-dose)

↑PPARγ

[181]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

Stable angina

↓

→HMOX1

↑Total bilirubin

[182]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

Stable angina

↓

↓ICAM-1 mRNA

→sICAM-1, sVCAM-1

[75]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

ACS

↓

→CRP, IL-6, TNF

→MACE, restenosis

[78]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

Unstable angina

→

→MCP-1, VCAM-1 in treatment group while increased in control group

[76]

Atorvastatin

Clinical trial

CHD or CHD equivalent

↓

↓sICAM-1

[79]

Rosuvastatin

Clinical trial

Stable CAD

-

Stabilizing hs-CRP in high-dose group

[183]

Rosuvastatin

Clinical trial

NSTEMI

→

↓Post-PCI MI, hs-CRP, IL-6

[184]

Cardiac depression

Simvastatin

In vivo

Sepsis-induced cardiac depression

↓

↓TLR-4, NF-κB, p65

↓TNF, IL-1β, IL-6

↓Cardiac troponin

[74]