Fig. 1
From: Exosomal non-coding RNAs: gatekeepers of inflammation in autoimmune disease

The roles of exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human autoimmune diseases. This figure illustrates the pivotal roles of exosomal ncRNAs in various human autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Alzheimer’s disease, and parkinson. Exosomal ncRNAs, such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, are involved in regulating inflammatory responses and immune cell activation, contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases. Notably, altered profiles of exosomal ncRNAs in patients highlight their potential as non-invasive biomarkers for disease diagnosis, monitoring progression, and assessing treatment responses