Fig. 2

Therapeutic effects on macrophages in IIMs. These attempts have focused mainly on macrophages or regulating macrophage polarization. Monoclonal antibodies or inhibitors can be used to block the inflammatory pathway and reduce the production of proinflammatory factors. By regulating the molecular level, genetic modifications, autophagy and exosomes, the proinflammatory macrophage septum is shortened, or more differentiation into an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype occurs. PPARs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; KLF, Krppel-like factor; IRF-1, interferon regulatory factor 1; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; C1P, ceramide 1-phosphate