Fig. 1

Scheme of (A) COPD-C and (B) COPD-A model construction and experimental workflow.COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; alum, aluminum hydroxide; CSE, cigarette smoke extract; i.n., intranasal; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.t., intratracheal; OVA, ovalbumin; PM, particulate matter; PPE, porcine pancreatic elastase