Fig. 5
Effect of CA on mitochondrial damage in S. sonnei-infected macrophages. (A-D) LPS-primed J774A.1 macrophages were treated with 40 µM CA for 0.5 h prior to S. sonnei infection for an additional 21 h. Mitochondrial ROS production was assessed by staining with MitoSOX and analysis via flow cytometry (A) and fluorescent microscopy (B). Mitochondrial membrane integrity was evaluated by staining with MitoTracker Deep Red and MitoTracker Green and analyzed via flow cytometry (C). Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by staining with DIOC2(3) and analysis via flow cytometry (D). (E, F) LPS-primed THP-1 macrophages were exposed to 40 µM CA for 0.5 h before S. sonnei infection for an additional 21 h. Mitochondrial ROS production was assessed by staining with MitoSOX and analyzed via flow cytometry (E), while mitochondrial membrane integrity was evaluated by staining with MitoTracker Deep Red and MitoTracker Green and analyzed via flow cytometry (F). The presented images represent individual experiments or fields, and the histogram provides quantification expressed as the mean ± SD for these three experiments or fieldss